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Document Title: Exploring the Drugs-Crime Connection within the Electronic Dance Music and Hip-Hop Nightclub Scenes
Author(s): Tammy L. Anderson, Ph.D. ; Philip R. Kavanaugh ; Ronet Bachman ; Lana D. Harrison
Document No.: 219381
Date Received: August 2007
Award Number: 2004-IJ-CX-0040

Exploring the Drug-Crime Connection Report (PDF)

Purpose and Objectives. The main research objective of project 2004-IJ-CX-0040 was to explore how the cultural ethos, behavioral norms, activities, and individual and group identities (i.e., subcultural phenomena), inherent to the electronic dance music (EDM- trance, house, and techno music) and the hip hop/rap (HH) nightclub scenes in Philadelphia, impacted the relationship between alcohol, drugs, and crime, with additional attention to victimization (i.e., the ADC + V link). These two music scenes provide a major source of leisure activity for many young adults today, yet the subcultures surrounding them are disparate and have been linked to diverse social problems, including alcohol and illegal drug abuse, criminal activity and victimization. This understudied, but increasingly popular social phenomenon has the potential to expand the scope of the drugs/crime debate to settings and populations not previously studied and to increasingly salient issues in contemporary society.

Secondary objectives include elaborating on how the ADC + V relationship varies by two dimensions: the demographic make-up of participants (e.g., race/ethnicity and gender) and their involvement with and commitment to the subcultures surrounding the respective nightclub scenes. This second dimension has the potential to establish a typology or profile of EDM and HH fans, which can be used to advance both an academic understanding of this important youth culture phenomena and produce effective prevention or intervention strategies to circumvent personal and social consequences.

Research Questions. Main research questions include: 1) What are the patterns and meanings of drug and alcohol use among participants in these settings and what consequences arise from them? 2) What are the patterns of criminal activity among participants and how are they experienced? 3) What are the patterns of victimization among participants and how is it experienced? How does victimization differ from that documented in other settings of criminological interest? 4) What is the nature of the relationship between alcohol, drugs, crime and victimization and how do subcultural phenomena impact it? 5) How do extant theories fare in explaining the ADC + V link among the diverse groups of participants in both nightclub settings?

We begin our report with a discussion of the two music scenes we studied: HH and EDM, giving special attention to the problems and concerns they present to the criminal justice system and other social service agencies. Next, we discuss the methodology we used to address our research questions, including some of the issues we faced while doing the fieldwork and the potential contributions and limitations of it. The major section of the report reviews our substantive findings. We organize them by the research questions listed above. Specifically, we first review the drugs, crime, and victimization patterns we found. The findings synthesize several types of crime information: self-reports of offending and victimization, and reports of having witnessed others committing crime or being victimized at club events from in-depth interviews and field notes from direct observation at club events. Included in our discussion of the alcohol, drugs, crime and victimization patterns are demographic variation where we found it (addressing our project’s secondary objectives). Next, we address questions #4 and #5 about the alcohol, drugs and crime link at nightclub events. Here, we review our findings and offer contributions to extant criminological theories. Recommendations for further research are also discussed. We end the report with policy recommendations for officials, practitioners, and private interests.

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Q: Does the law 125.68(4)(c)(3) prohibit an establishment from selling an alcoholic drink in a plastic cup and allowing to leave the premises?

A: No, that law only prohibits the sale of alcohol in its original container for carry out (i.e. a bottle of wine cannot be bought at a restaurant to be carried out).

The law s. 125.51 (3)(a) and (b) requires that alcohol be sold and consumed by on the licensed premises, meaning that alcoholic beverages may not be sold in “to go” containers to be consumed elsewhere.

Q: If I have lost my alcohol serving license after completing the Wisconsin alcohol serving course who should I contact for a replacement?

A: To receive a replacement you would have to contact the vendor who contacted the class or get a copy from the municipality that issued the license. Do not contact the Wisconsin Alcohol and Tobacco Enforcement as they do not maintain training or licensing records for the Responsible Beverage Server Courses.

Q: If an underage person, someone under the age of 21, is accompanied by their parent or guardian over the age of 21 can they be served alcohol?

A: Yes, if a person under the age of 21 is accompanied by their parent or guardian over the age of 21 they may be served/sold/consume alcohol.

Q: If an underage person can be served and drink alcohol in a bar in Wisconsin as long as they are accompanied by their parent or guardian, does the underage person and/or the parent or guardian need to be a Wisconsin resident?

A: No, the law is applicable to anyone drinking in a Wisconsin establishment that is licensed to serve alcohol.

Q: Does this same law, which allows an underage person to drink, apply if the underage person is at home with their parent or guardian?

A: Yes, if the underage person is with his/her parents of legal drinking age, then the underage person may consume alcoholic beverages.

Q: If an underage person is between the ages of 18-20 and thereby no longer a minor, is it true that they can no longer drink or be served even if they are accompanied by a parent, and that only underage persons under the age of 18 can drink with their parents?

A: No, underage persons may be served/consume alcohol beverages if accompanied by their parents, regardless of the age of the underage persons.
Q: Are designated drivers who are under the age of 21 allowed to be on the premises of a bar?

A: Yes, a designated driver under the age of 21 is allowed to be on the premises but must be with their parent, guardian or spouse of legal drinking age.

Q: Is it true that 24 hours before your 21st birthday you are able to legally purchase and consume alcohol?

A: No, you may not legally drink/purchase alcohol beverages or be on a Class B premises (with certain exceptions) until you are age 21.

Q: Are there any laws or regulations that prohibit patrons from bringing their infant into a bar while they are drinking?

A: There is no state alcohol beverage law (if accompanied by parent or guardian of legal drinking age, anyone under the legal drinking age may enter a bar), but individual house policy may prohibit it.

Q: At the closing time of a bar no alcohol can be served and everyone needs to leave, who is allowed to stay on the premises after closing time?

A: Only bona fide employees performing work functions allowed on premises after closing hour.

Q: In the state of Wisconsin can funeral homes/parlors obtain liquor licenses?

A: Most likely not, to get a Class B liquor license the premises must comply with the sanitation requirements for restaurants, s. 125.68(5). In addition, they cannot get a Class B liquor license without also holding a Class B beer (s. 125.51(3)(f)). There are prohibitions on types of businesses allowed on Class B premises – funeral homes are not among the businesses that are allowed.

Q: If I have an individual who runs a winery and sells wine, must any person that is selling the wine have an operator’s license if the owner is not present?

A: If the sale is being made under the winery’s retail license (Class A or Class B), the person selling the wine must either hold an operator’s license or be 18 years of age or older and working under the immediate supervision of someone holding an operator’s license, this is the same requirement of any retailer making sales.

Q: At what time do bars have to be closed on the day that Daylight Savings Time begins and the day that it ends?

A:  Section 175.095(2), Wis. Stats., states that daylight saving time begins at 2:00 a.m. the second Sunday in March and ends at 2:00 a.m. the first Sunday in November. As such, clocks are set ahead one hour at 2:00 a.m. the second Sunday in March. Thus taverns would close at 3:30 a.m. daylight saving time on this date. On the first Sunday in November, the clocks are set back an hour at 2:00 a.m.; bars gain an extra hour and must close at 2:30 a.m. regular Central Standard Time.

Q: Can an individual tavern owner bring a resale certificate into a grocery store and purchase alcohol/beer exempt from sales tax if their tavern ran out of an item?

A: No; as a licensed retailer, you may only purchase (and possess on your licensed premises) alcohol beverages (spirits, wine, fermented malt beverages) from licensed Wisconsin wholesalers. The same holds true for cigarette purchases. You may only purchase from a Wisconsin distributor.

Q: What are some of the tobacco regulations that go into effect June 22, 2010?

A:
1. Cigarettes and smokeless tobacco may not be sold to anyone younger than 18 years of age;
2. Retailers must examine a photographic identification bearing the person’s birth date to verify that any person purchasing cigarettes or smokeless tobacco is at least 18 years old. Verification is not required for purchasers who are over the age of 26.
3. Retailers may not sell single cigarettes or packages containing fewer than 20 cigarettes, except in vending machines located in facilities where the retailer ensures that no person younger than 18 years of age is permitted to enter at any time;
4. Retailers may not sell unpackaged smokeless tobacco or packages of smokeless tobacco that are smaller than packages distributed by the manufacturer for individual use;
5. Cigarettes and smokeless tobacco may not be sold through vending machines or self-service display, except in facilities where persons under the age of 18 are prohibited from entering.

Q: If a resident wants to hold a wedding and reception at their home can they get a picnic license so that they may sell beer at the wedding reception, as they think having free beer may lead people to be irresponsible.

A: There are no provisions for a picnic license except to bona fide clubs, etc. Suggest to the resident to stop serving free beer at a particular time of night and serve coffee, water, and other non-alcoholic beverages instead.

Q: Is it state law that the people I am with be carded as well as myself when purchasing alcohol from a store?

A: No, it is not a state law, but it may be house policy of some stores to ID all persons when one person is purchasing alcoholic beverages.

Q: When selling malt beverages, are they considered beer? And if so can they be sold after 9 p.m. in my store?

A: Fermented malt beverages are considered beer. Check your retail license , if it says, “For sale of Fermented Malt Beverages” you can sell these products. If you have a Class A Fermented Malt Beverage license, you may sell them until midnight, unless restricted by municipal ordinance. If the product is wine-based, you must have a liquor or wine license to sell them, and if wine it cannot be sold after 9 p.m. if you have a Class A liquor license.

A: Yes – they are licensed as a bartender and have all of the rights/responsibilities associated with that license.

Q: Do you need a liquor licence to sell liquor filled candy?

A: No – The sale of liquor filled confectionary products is illegal in the state of Wisconsin. Confectionary products that contain more than 0.5 percent of alcohol are considered adulterated and will be removed from sale.  These products may not be sold in liquor stores or any other location.

Q: Is there any type of an educational or culinary exemption for sampling of alcoholic beverages by 18 to 20 year old students? I have worked at universities in New York, Michigan, and North Carolina and all have had this exemption, along with most every other state.

A: There is no such exemption in Wisconsin law, the premises must be licensed and regular consumption age laws apply.

Learn more about Wisconsin Alcohol Laws by taking our online Wisconsin Bartender License Course.